Synthesis of Fe-doped carbon from expired iron supplement tablets coupled with PMS for tetracycline degradation: From a non-radical pathway to an animal survival study

Chúng tôi vui mừng thông báo rằng TS. Ramanathan Subramanian và các đồng nghiệp đã xuất bản công trình có tựa đề "Synthesis of Fe-doped carbon from expired iron supplement tablets coupled with PMS for tetracycline degradation: From a non-radical pathway to an animal survival study” trên tạp chí Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Tóm tắt:

The improper disposal of expired pharmaceutical products and the persistent occurrence of antibiotic pollutants in aquatic systems pose significant environmental challenges. This work demonstrated the volarization of expired iron supplement tablets (a primary pharmaceutical solid waste) into iron-doped carbon (Fe-TBC) for efficient degradation of tetracycline (TC) contaminant in water bodies using peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. The upcycled Fe-TBC samples were scrutinized using comprehensive physicochemical characterization to explore their surface texture, functional group features, and magnetic properties. The physico-chemical characterization results revealed a surface defect-rich, oxygen functionalized (i.e., –OH, C=O, C–O–C) carbon architecture with homogeneously distributed Fe^2+/3+ domains with strong magnetic feature, which can induce catalytic active sites for PMS activation. The catalytic degradation analysis was explored with TC degradation in a series of PS, PMS, Fe-TBC/PS, and Fe-TBC/PMS. On comparison, Fe-TBC/PMS exhibited higher degradation efficiency (97.2%) over the TC than Fe-TBC/PS (74.3%) system, PMS, and PS alone. The surface functionalities on the Fe-TBC facilitated efficient TC degradation, whereas the embedded Fe species predominantly promoted selective singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and paved the way for a non-radical degradation pathway. In addition, the scavenge and cycle stability test confirmed the non-radical degradation pathway and excellent durability (89.3%) even after five cycles. Besides, the toxicity assessment on degraded water samples exposed no morphological abnormalities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) bioassays, confirming the effective detoxification of TC. Hence, the proposed Fe-TBC/PMS framework for TC degradation offers a sustainable waste-to-resource strategy for advanced wastewater treatment applications.